Keywords
periodontal desease
gingivitis
periodontitis
hypertension
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction
Periodontal disease may contribute to the development or aggravation of high blood pressure (HBP). Conversely, hypertension increases susceptibility to periodontal deterioration. Despite the high prevalence of hypertension in the Congolese population, no periodontal profile of Congolese adults with hypertension has yet been established.
PurposeThis study aimed to describe the periodontal status of hypertensive patients receiving care in hospitals in Kinshasa and to identify associated factors.
MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2023 to May 2024 in two medical institutions in Kinshasa. Patients aged ≥18 years with diagnosed hypertension who provided informed consent were included. Patients with prior periodontal treatment, leukaemia, pregnancy, or diabetes were excluded. A single trained and calibrated examiner collected demographic, clinical, and periodontal data. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20.0. The chi-square test and multinomial regression analysis were applied to determine factors associated with periodontal status. Statistical significance was set at p < .05.
ResultsA total of 227 hypertensive patients with a mean age of 57.9 ± 11.5 years participated in the study. Periodontal disease was present in 93.8% of participants. Age was identified as an independent predictor of severe periodontitis (OR = 17.86; 95% CI [3.58–89.07]). Duration of hypertension independently predicted both moderate and severe periodontitis. Patients with hypertension lasting at least four years showed an increased risk of moderate periodontitis (OR = 8.02; 95% CI [1.37–47.06]) and severe periodontitis (OR = 10.05; 95% CI [1.75–57.65]). Gingivitis was not significantly associated with periodontal disease severity.
ConclusionHypertensive patients demonstrated a high prevalence of periodontal disease. These findings support the integration of oral health assessment, particularly periodontal screening, into routine hypertension management.
References
Angendu, K. B., Akilimali, P. Z., Tran, N. T., & Magne, J. (2024). Dynamic progression of hypertension and diabetes in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2019 to 2023. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(18), 5488. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185488
Arshad, S., Awang, R. A., Rahman, N. A., Hassan, A., Ahmad, W. M. A. W., Mohamed, R. N., Basha, S., & Karobari, M. I. (2024). Assessing the impact of systemic conditions on periodontal health in the Malaysian population: A retrospective study. BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 1330. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-05102-y
Bolenge, I. J., Lutula, P. N., Bieleli, E. I., Nswele, V., Sekele, I. J. P., Matanda, R., Mapatano, M. A., & Brecx, M. C. (2016). Évaluation de la santé parodontale des Congolais admis en consultation dentaire dans la ville de Kinshasa. Odonto-Stomatologie Tropicale, 39, 47–53.
Chen, Y., Zheng, J., Ni, D., Zhang, D., & Zhu, H. (2023). The correlation between periodontitis and uncontrolled hypertension is mediated by inflammatory markers: Results from a cross-sectional study of an urban elderly population in southeast China. BMC Oral Health, 23(1), 919. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03680-x
Del Pinto, R., Pietropaoli, D., Muñoz-Aguilera, E., D’Aiuto, F., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Monaco, A., Guzik, T. J., & Ferri, C. (2020). Periodontitis and hypertension: Is the association causal? High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention, 27(4), 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-020-00392-z
Del Pinto, R., Landi, L., Grassi, G., Sforza, N. M., Cairo, F., Citterio, F., Paolantoni, G., D’Aiuto, F., Ferri, C., Monaco, A., Pietropaoli, D., & Hy-Per Group. (2021). Hypertension and periodontitis: A joint report by the Italian Society of Hypertension (SIIA) and the Italian Society of Periodontology and Implantology (SIdP). High Blood Pressure & Cardiovascular Prevention, 28(5), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-021-00466-6
Huang, D., Wang, Y., Li, B.-H., Wu, L., Xie, W.-Z., Zhou, X., & Ma, B. (2024). Association between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: A cross-sectional analysis of current evidence. Military Medical Research, 11, 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-024-00583-y
Kalala-Kazadi, E., Nyimi-Bushabu, F., Ntumba-Mulumba, H., & Brecx, M. C. (2021). Frequency and factors associated with periodontitis in Congolese patients: A cross-sectional study. Open Journal of Stomatology, 11(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojst.2021.111005
Könnecke, H., Schnabel, R. B., Walther, C., Lamprecht, R., Heydecke, G., Seedorf, U., Jagodzinski, A., Borof, K., Zeller, T., Beikler, T., Smeets, R., Gosau, M., Behrendt, C.-A., Wenzel, U., Börschel, C. S., Karakas, M., Blankenberg, S., & Aarabi, G. (2022). Cross-sectional study on the association of periodontitis with arterial hypertension in the Hamburg City Health Study. European Journal of Medical Research, 27(1), 181. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00811-y
Lang, N. P., & Bartold, P. M. (2018). Periodontal health. Journal of Periodontology, 89(Suppl. 1), S9–S16. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.16-0517
Liu, S., Fu, L., Ye, B., Ao, M., Gosau, M., Friedrich, R. E., Smeets, R., Yan, M., Feng, H., Burg, S., & Feng, H. (2023). Association between hypertension and gingival bleeding: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Research Square (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3277110/v1
Mehrotra, N., & Singh, S. (2023). Periodontitis. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541126/
Muñoz Aguilera, E., Suvan, J., Buti, J., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Barbosa Ribeiro, A., Orlandi, M., Guzik, T. J., Hingorani, A. D., Nart, J., & D’Aiuto, F. (2020). Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Research, 116(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvz201
Muñoz Aguilera, E., Leira, Y., Miró Catalina, Q., Orlandi, M., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik, M., Guzik, T. J., Hingorani, A. D., Nart, J., & D’Aiuto, F. (2021). Is systemic inflammation a missing link between periodontitis and hypertension? Results from two large population-based surveys. Journal of Internal Medicine, 289(4), 532–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13180
Muñoz Aguilera, E., Suvan, J., Orlandi, M., Miró Catalina, Q., Nart, J., & D’Aiuto, F. (2021). Association between periodontitis and blood pressure highlighted in systemically healthy individuals: Results from a nested case-control study. Hypertension, 77(5), 1765–1774. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16790
Musung, J. M., Kakoma, P. K., Kaut Mukeng, C., Tshimanga, S. L., Munkemena Banze, J. P., Kaj, N. K., Kamuna, M. K., Mwamba, J. K., Nkulu, D. N., Katchunga, P. B., Mukuku, O., & Muyumba, E. K. (2021). Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Lubumbashi City, Democratic Republic of Congo: A community-based cross-sectional study. International Journal of Hypertension, 2021, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6674336
Nazir, M., Al-Ansari, A., Al-Khalifa, K., Alhareky, M., Gaffar, B., & Almas, K. (2020). Global prevalence of periodontal disease and lack of its surveillance. The Scientific World Journal, 2020, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2146160
O’Leary, T. J., Drake, R. B., & Naylor, J. E. (1972). The plaque control record. Journal of Periodontology, 43(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1972.43.1.38
Szczepaniak, P., Mikołajczyk, T. P., Cześnikiewicz-Guzik, M., & Guzik, T. J. (2021). Periodontitis as an inflammatory trigger in hypertension: From basic immunology to clinical implications. Kardiologia Polska, 79(11), 1206–1214. https://doi.org/10.33963/KP.a2021.0161
Zhan, Y., Jiao, J., Jing, W., Feng, X., Tai, B., Hu, D., Lin, H., Wang, B., Wang, C., Zheng, S., Liu, X., Rong, W., Wang, W., Wang, X., Si, Y., & Meng, H. (2023). Association between periodontitis and hypertension: Cross-sectional survey from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey of China (2015–2016). BMJ Open, 13(3), e068724. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068724
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.